Ngā Rauemi Papa Whakatakoto: Māpere, Tāera, Rakau

Te Whakataurite i te Pakari me te Ātete Pānga

Ko ngā papa papa māpere te mea tino ātete ki te pānga i roto i ngā rauemi e toru ina tāuta tika. Ko te māpere tūturu, me te kaha pēhi mai i te 50 ki te 150 MPa i runga i te momo kōhatu motuhake, ka tu atu ki te pa atu o ngā kaihoroi korehau, ngā mopa, me te haereere a te tangata, me te kore e pakaru te mata. Ka taea e te papa papa māpere matotoru 10mm te ātete ki ngā pānga ka pakaru te rakau peita, ka pakaru rānei ngā taera uku o te matotoru ōrite.

Ko te papa tāera, he mea hanga mai i te uku, i te porcelain rānei, he ātete pāhekeheke ngāwari. Ko te papa tāera porcelain me te whakatauranga PEI (Porcelain Enamel Institute) o te 4, neke atu rānei, ka tu atu ki te haere o te tangata engari ka pakarukaru pea ina pāngia e ngā tāonga taumaha, e ngā taputapu horoi rānei. He pakarukaru ake te papa tāera i te māpere, he iti ake te kaha piko ka ngawari ki te pakaru mena ka tau te papa.

Ko te papa rakau te mea iti rawa te ātete ki te pānga o ngā kōwhiringa e toru. Ahakoa ngā momo rakau mārō pērā i te ōki me te māpere ka tere ake te pakaru, ka rakuraku i te kōhatu. I roto i tētahi rangahau mō ngā pānga tiaki papa, me peita anō, me whakapaipai anō rānei te papa rakau i ia 3–5 tau i ngā wāhi noho, ā, i ia 1–2 tau i ngā taiao arumoni, ko te papa māpere ia ka mau tonu tōna āhua mō ake tonu atu mā te horoi noa i ia wā.

Te Ātete ki te Makuku me te Pai mō ngā Wāhi Makuku

He rerekē rawa te ātete wai i waenga i ngā rauemi o te paparanga. Ko te paparanga māpere, me ngā tere mimiti wai o te 0.2–0.8% te taumaha mō te nuinga o ngā momo kua orohia, ka ātete pai ki te urunga makuku ina hiritia tika. Ka mimiti ake te māpere kāore i hiritia i te makuku, ā, ka puta pea he paru i roto i ngā wharepaku me te kīhini. Mā te paninga hiri uru i ia 12–18 marama ka mau tonu te ātete makuku.

Ko te papa tāera uku me te papa tāera porcelain te mea tino ātete ki te makuku, ā, ko ngā reiti mimiti mō te porcelain kei raro iho i te 0.5%. Ko te papa tāera te mea pai mō ngā kaukau, ngā rūma horoi kakahu, me ngā kīhini arumoni kei reira te pānga tika o te wai. Heoi, me hiri me te tiaki ngā hononga grout i waenga i ngā papa tāera nā te mea ka taea e rātou te mimiti i te makuku ki roto i te papa pakitara mēnā ka pakaru.

Ka mimiti tere te papa rakau i te makuku, me te tere mimiti o te 8–15% mā te taumaha i runga i te momo me te kounga o te whakaotinga. I roto i ngā taiao makuku, ka pupuhi, ka piko, ka pirau hoki ngā papa rakau i roto i te wā. E ai ki te Tari Pūngao o Amerika, ko te kino o te makuku ki ngā whakapaipai rakau te take nui o ngā utu tiaki whare i roto i ngā āhuarangi makuku. Mō ngā rohe takutai moana, ngā rohe makuku nui rānei, he nui ake te roa o te whakamahinga o ngā papa kohatu i te rakau.

Ngā Tikanga Tāutanga me ngā Utu

Ko te tāutanga o te papa kōhatu māpere e hiahia ana ki ngā taputapu tapahi kōhatu motuhake me te wheako ki ngā whakapiri kōhatu.Ngā rārangi papa kohatuka tapahia kia rite ki te whānui mai i te rauemi pereti, me ngā kokonga miter hei whakawhiti ma. Ko te utu mō te papa mapere he 25–40% te nui ake i te utu mō te papa taera rite tonu mō ngā rauemi anake, engari he rite tonu ngā utu tāutanga nā te mea e hiahiatia ana he tohunga mahi toi. Ka taea te tāuta i te papa kohatu me te piripiri angiangi ki ngā pakitara totoka, me ngā whakapiri miihini rānei ki ngā pakitara anga.

Ko te tāutanga o te papa tāera te tikanga tino māmā o ngā tikanga e toru. Ka tapahia ngā tāera ki te whānui o te papa mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu tapahi tāera paerewa, ā, kāore e hiahiatia he taputapu tapahi kōhatu motuhake. Ka tāutahia ngā papa tāera ki te moata angiangi e whakamahia ana mō ngā tāera papa, ka hangaia he āhua monolitiki e ōrite ai ngā rauemi o te papa me te papa. Ko te wā tāutanga mō te papa tāera he tata ki te 30% te iti iho i te papa māpere he rite te rahi.

Ko te tāutanga o ngā papa rakau te mea tere rawa atu, ā, iti rawa te utu i te tīmatanga. Kei te wātea ngā papa rakau kua pania kētia i roto i ngā roa paerewa mai i ngā toa hanga whare, ā, ka taea te tapahi ki ngā taputapu mahi rakau paerewa.Ngā rārangi rohe me ngā kōtaha o te papaka taea te peita i te rakau kia ōrite ki tētahi kaupapa tae. Heoi, ko te tapeke o te utu mō te mana pupuri i roto i te wā 20-tau—tae atu ki te peita anō me te whakakapinga—he maha ngā wā ka nui ake i te utu mō te papa kōhatu nā te mea me whakahou anō te rakau i ia wā.