Ngā Pūrongo - Te Taurite i te Kōhatu o te Marae Haina: Te Hononga o te Tikanga Tuku Iho me te Ao Hou

Mō te Kaituhi

Takuta Liu Wei, Kaiwhakahaere R&D i Ruifengyuan Stone

PhD i roto i te Pūtaiao Rauemi me te tohungatanga ki te hangarau hanga kōhatu. I whakawhanake i ngā rerenga mahi whakaputa ranu e whakakotahi ana i te whakairo tuku iho me te aunoatanga CNC mō ngā kaupapa hoahoa 180+. I whakaputa rangahau mō ngā tauira kakahu taputapu i roto i te miihini kōhatu i roto i te Journal of Materials Processing Technology.

Ngā Whakaaro Matua

Ko te hoahoa kōhatu marae Hainamana, me ōna pakiaka neke atu i te 2,000 tau, e whakakotahi ana i ngā tohu ahurea me te hangarau hanganga e whakaūhia ana e ngā whakamātautau hou. Ko te nuinga o te wā, e 15 ki te 25% o te mata o te marae te kohatu i roto i ngā hoahoa tuku iho, he ōwehenga ka taea te urutau mō ngā kaupapa o nāianei. Ko te kōhatu puru me te karāhe te papa tino pakari mō ngā āhuarangi haumākū, ko te kōhatu kōhatu Taihu e mau tonu ana te taonga mō ōna āhua whakairo. Ka taea e ngā whakamaoritanga hou te neke i te hipoki kōhatu ki te 30 ki te 40% me te pupuri tonu i te taurite tirohanga mā te whiriwhiri rauemi tupato. Mā te whakarite me te hiri tika o te turanga ka roa ake te ora ratonga neke atu i te 50 tau mō ngā papa kōhatu marae.

Ko te hoahoa marae Hainamana tētahi o ngā tikanga hoahoanga tawhito rawa atu o te ao, ko te kōhatu te rauemi tino pumau. Mai i ngā ara kōhatu o ngā māra tohunga o te whare Ming ki ngā whakaurunga whenua o nāianei, kua tautuhia e te kōhatu tūturu te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā hanganga hanga me te taiao. **Ko te wero kei mua i ngā kaihoahoa o nāianei ko te tiaki i te pono o te ahurea me te whakauru i ngā rauemi o nāianei me ngā tikanga hanga.** E ai ki te Getty Conservation Institute, neke atu i te 70% o ngā hanganga māra tawhito o Haina e whakauru ana i ngā huānga kōhatu taketake e hiahia ana ki te mātauranga tiaki motuhake hei tiaki. Ka tirohia e tēnei aratohu me pēhea te whakarerekē i ngā mātāpono taurite kōhatu marae Hainamana tuku iho mō ngā kaupapa noho me ngā kaupapa manaaki manuhiri o nāianei.

Ngā Rauemi Kōhatu o te Marae Hainamana Tuku Iho me ō rātou Hiranga Ahurea

**E rua mano tau te roa o ngā tikanga kōhatu māra Hainamana e ahu mai ana i ngā momo kōhatu rerekē,** me ngā momo whānau rerekē e pai ana ki ngā momo kōhatu rerekē. Ko te kōhatu kōhatu Taihu, i keria tata ki te roto o Tai i te Porowini o Jiangsu, kua whakanuia mai i te whānau Tang mō ōna āhua whakairo kua memeha, e whakaatu ana i te ataahua Taoist o te koretake o te taiao. Ko ngā kōhatu a te tohunga (gongshi), arā, ngā kōhatu kua memeha noa e whakaatuhia ana i ia wā, e tohu ana i te whakaaro nui a Confucius mō te whakaaroaro matatau. Nā ēnei tikanga i whakatū ngā mātāpono e whai pānga tonu ana ki te kōwhiringa kōhatu marae o Haina i ēnei rā.

Ko te kōhatu kikorangi (qingshi), he kōhatu papa matotoru, he kohatu kirikiri rānei, e whakarato ana i te papa pakari e kitea ana i roto i ngā marae kua tiakina pai puta noa i Suzhou me Beijing. Ka ātaahua te āhua o ōna tae hina-kikorangi ngawari, ka puta he patina e tuhi ana i ngā tekau tau o te haereere a te waewae. Ko ngā momo karāneti tae atu ki te pērara Hainamana me te mā o te hīhi i whakamahia i mua mō ngā wāhanga hanganga pēnei i ngā arawhata, ngā turanga, me ngā wāhanga piriti nā te mea he nui ake i te 19,000 psi te kaha pēhi. Kāore i te tūpono noa ēnei kōwhiringa rauemi—**i whakaata i te māramatanga hohonu ki ngā āhuatanga kōhatu e whakaūhia ana e te hangarau hou.**

Ngā Mātāpono Hoahoa mō te Taurite Kōhatu o te Marae Haina

Te Taurite o te Papa Matotoru me te Papa Ngāwari i roto i te Hoahoa Kōhatu Māra Tuku Iho

Te kaupapa matua i te reo Hainamanate whakataurite i te kohatu māraKo te taurite i waenga i ngā huānga yin (ngāwari, rauropi) me yang (mārō, hanganga). **Ko te kōhatu te tohu o yang—he pumau, he hanganga, he tautuhi hoki.** Me taurite ki te wai, ki ngā tipu, me te wāhi tuwhera. E whakaatu ana te rangahau a te Getty Conservation Institute mō ngā māra tawhito o Suzhou, ko te kōhatu te nuinga o te wā e nohoia ana e te kōhatu te 15 ki te 25% o te mata o te marae i roto i ngā hoahoa tuku iho, he ōwehenga ka taea e ngā kaihoahoa whenua o ēnei rā te tohutoro mō te ōwehenga pono.

He maha ngā wā ka nekehia tēnei ōwehenga e ngā whakamaoritanga hou ki te 30 ki te 40% o te taupoki kōhatu hei whakauru i ngā tauira noho o nāianei, ngā taonga o waho, me te rere o ngā waka. Ko te mea nui ko te pupuri i te taurite tirohanga mā te whiriwhiri rauemi tupato. Ko ngā tae kōhatu māmā ka iti ake te taumaha tirohanga, ka taea ai te taupoki nui ake me te kore e taupoki i te wāhi. Ko ngā kōhatu pouri, whai kakano nui me iti ake ngā ōwehenga taupoki hei pupuri i te ahua tuwhera tuku iho.

Ngā Tauira Ara me te Papa Kōhatu mō te Hoahoa Marae Hainamana

He tauira whakatakoto motuhake ngā ara i roto i ngā māra tuku iho Hainamana. Ko te papa whariki tapawhā matapōkere (binglie) e whakamahi ana i ngā kōhatu koretake e honoa ana, kāore he mokowā hononga ōrite, e hanga ana i te āhua rauropi. Ko te papa whariki tauira (hua pu) e whakarite ana i ngā kōhatu i roto i ngā tohu tohu—he moni, he pekapeka, he tauira āhuahanga rānei—e whakaatu ana i te whai rawa me te waimarie. **Ko ngā huarahi e rua e whakatairanga ana i te koretake i te ōritetanga,** e whakaata ana i te kore ōritetanga taiao e whakanuia ana i roto i ngā ataahua Hainamana.

Mō ngā whakamahinga o nāianei, mā te whakamahi i ngā panera kōhatu honohono me te tapahi tika CNC ka tutuki te āhua rerekē o ngā tikanga tuku iho, me te whakatutuki hoki i ngā whakaritenga hanganga o nāianei. E ai ki ngā rangahau a te National Building Museum mō ngā rauemi whenua tauwhiro, ka taea e ngā papa kōhatu me te whakarite tika i te turanga te whakatutuki i te roanga o te ora ratonga neke atu i te 50 tau i roto i ngā whakamahinga marae, ki te whakaritea ki te 15 ki te 20 tau mō ngā momo raima kē atu.

Te Whakatakotoranga Kōhatu o te Marae Haina (2)

Te Whakauru i ngā Huānga Kōhatu Tuku Iho ki te Hanga Whare Hou

Te Kōwhiringa Kōhatu mō ngā Papatae Tae o te Marae o Nāianei

Ko ngā tae kōhatu tuku iho o te marae Hainamana—he hina-kikorangi, he hina mahana, he mā-pōuri—e mau tonu ana te hiranga i roto i ngā hoahoa o nāianei engari ka taea te tāpiri atu ki ngā momo māia ake. Ka whakaratohia e te kirikiri pango hohonu te rerekētanga nui ki ngā pakitara mā, he mea noa i roto i ngā whakamaoritanga hou i ahu mai i te ataahua o te tāone wai o Jiangnan. Ka hangaia e ngā kirikiri beige mahana te papamuri marino e tika ana mō ngā hoahoa marae iti. **Me ōrite te pāmahana tae o te kōhatu ki ngā rauemi hanga:** he pai ngā hina makariri ki te raima me te karāhe, ko ngā beige mahana ia e pai ana ki te rakau me te paraikete tūturu.

Ka pā te kōwhiringa o ngā whakaotinga mata ki te āhua me te mahi. Ka whakaratohia e ngā whakaotinga mura, ngā whakaotinga rakau rānei he mata ātete paheke mō te whariki o waho, me te hanga i te wheako pā e wehewehe ana i te kōhatu tūturu mai i ngā momo kua hangaia. Ka whakaratohia e ngā whakaotinga whakakoi he mata kua whakapaitia mō ngā huānga nohoanga me ngā papa tēpu. Ko te rerekētanga i waenga i te whariki taratara me ngā wahi whakapaipai maeneene ka hangaia he kaupapa tirohanga e ārahi ana i te nekehanga puta noa i te wāhi marae.

Ngā Pakitara Āhuatanga Kōhatu hei Ngā Wāhi Arotahi mō te Marae

Ko ngā pakitara āhuahanga o te hoahoa marae Hainamana o nāianei e ahu mai ana i te pakitara mata tuku iho (yingbi) i ārai i ngā wairua kino, me te whakarato i te tūmataitinga tirohanga. Ko ngā whakamaoritanga hou e whakamahi ana i te kōhatu whakarārangi, i ngā panera māpere kua whakaritea ki ngā pukapuka, i ngā panera whakairo rānei hei waihanga i ngā pūwāhi arotahi e mau ai te rūma o waho. Me whakarite ngā tāutanga kōhatu teitei katoa me te hangarau hanganga hei whakauru i te taumaha, ko te tikanga he 12 ki te 18 pauna ia putu tapawha mō te whakakikorua kōhatu 2 ki te 3 henimita.

Mā ngā āhuatanga wai e honoa ana ki te kōhatu ka hangaia he wheako marae maha-rongo. **Ka huna te haruru o te tāone i te tangi o te wai e rere ana i runga i ngā mata kōhatu kakano, ā, ka whakamatao hoki i te āhuarangi iti.** E ai ki te Tari Pūngao o Amerika, ka taea e ngā āhuatanga wai kua hoahoatia tika te whakaiti i te pāmahana taiao mā te 5 ki te 8°F i te taha tata mā te whakamatao mimiti, ka waiho ngā huānga wai kua whakauruhia ki te kōhatu hei tāpiri ataahua, hei tāpiri mahi hoki ki ngā marae hou.

Ngā Taonga Kōhatu me ngā Huānga Whakapaipai mō ngā Wāhi Marae

Ko ngā nohoanga kōhatu, ngā tēpu, me ngā huānga whakapaipai e whakaoti ana i te hanganga o te marae. Ka taea te whakamaori anō i ngā pahu kōhatu tuku iho me ngā āhua paepae ki ngā āhua o nāianei mā te whakamahi i ngā rauemi ōrite. Mā ngā tikanga whakairo kōhatu ka taea ngā huānga whakapaipai ritenga e mau ana i ngā kaupapa ahurea me te kore e tāruatia tika te hītori. Ko ngā panui whakairo CNC me ngā tauira kapua, ngaru, maunga rānei kua whakangawaritia e whakarato ana i ngā tohu tohutoro ahurea me te pupuri tonu i te māramatanga o te ataahua o nāianei.

Me whai whakaaro ki te whakatakotoranga me te papa o ngā taonga kōhatu. Ko ngā taonga neke atu i te 200 pauna me whakanoho ki runga i ngā turanga raima whakapakari kaua ki runga i ngā papa whakapūmau. Mā ngā hoahoa taonga kōhatu tauwehe ka māmā ake te whakarerekētanga me te pupuri tonu i te taumaha me te pumau o te kōhatu. Ko te whakataurite i ngā rauemi i waenga i ngā taonga me te papa e tata ana ka hanga i te kotahitanga tirohanga, ā, ko te rerekētanga ātaahua ka aro ki ngā taonga takitahi.

Te Whakatakotoranga Kōhatu o te Marae Haina (1)

Te Tiaki me te Roa o te Ora o ngā Tāutanga Kōhatu o te Marae

Ko ngā mata kōhatu o te marae e pāngia ana e ngā āhuatanga o waho me whai tikanga tiaki tika. Mā te horoi ā-wā me ngā kaihoroi kōhatu pH-kore e ārai i te tipu koiora i ngā āhuarangi makuku. Ko te paninga hiri i ia 2 ki te 3 tau mō ngā karāhe matotoru, ā, i ia tau mō ngā onepū porowhita e tiaki ana i te paru me te huarere. **Ko ngā aratohu a te Getty Conservation Institute mō ngā taonga tawhitokōhatu mārame karo i te horoi pēhanga teitei i runga ake i te 1,200 psi,** ka taea e tēnei te whakangaro i ngā kōhatu ngohengohe me te kino i ngā paparanga hiri.

Mō ngā whakaaturanga kōhatu tuku iho o Taihu, ka tūtohu ngā tohunga tiaki taiao kia tirohia ā-tau te noho koiora me te pakaru o te hanganga. Ka whai hua ngā whakaurunga marae hou mai i te hoahoa waikeri pai ake me te whakarite papa e whakaiti ana i te pirau e pā ana ki te wai. Mā te whakarite tika i te turanga me te kirikiri me ngā papa waikeri ka roa ake te ora o te papa kohatu, e ai ki ngā rangahau hoahoa whenua.

Tūhurahia ngā Hua Kōhatu o te Marae Haina e Pā Ana

Mō ngā huarahi o te marae, ka whakaratohia e ngā papa māpere tūturu he papa pakari, he tae kirīmi mahana. Ko ngā pou kōhatu whakapaipai hei tohu tomokanga tuku iho, hei wāhi arotahi māra rānei. Ko ngā panera pou kōhatu whakairo me ngā taipitopito whakapaipai ka tāpiri i ngā tohu ahurea pai ki ngā pakitara o te marae. Ko ngā whakapaipai tāonga kōhatu ka whakarei ake i te marae me ngā whakapaipai.

Ngā Pātai Auau mō te Taurite Kōhatu o te Marae Haina

Q1: He aha te momo kōhatu e pai ana mō te whakatakoto papa māra tuku iho Hainamana i ngā āhuarangi makuku?

Ko ngā momo kōhatu kikorangi (qing shi) me te karāneti te mea tino pai mō te whakatakoto papa i runga i te āhuarangi makuku. E mimiti ana ēnei kōhatu matotoru i raro i te 0.20% te makuku mā te taumaha, ā, e ātete ana ki te kino o te hukapapa me te rewa me te tipu koiora. Me nui ake te tiaki i ngā kōhatu kōhatu me ngā kōhatu kirikiri ngohengohe i roto i ngā āhuatanga makuku. Ka pai ake te ātete paheke o ngā whakaotinga mura, ngā whakaotinga rakau rānei mō te whakatakoto papa i waho i ngā rohe ua.

P2: Me pēhea e taea ai e ngā hoahoa marae hou te whakauru i ngā āhuatanga ataahua o te kōhatu tuku iho o Haina ki roto i te āhua tūturu?

Ko te whakaurunga pono e aro ana ki ngā mātāpono, kaua ki te whakaputa tika. Kia mau tonu te ōwehenga kōhatu-ki-māra 15 ki te 25% mai i ngā māra tawhito. Whakamahia te kōhatu ā-rohe ki ngā wāhi e taea ai. Whakauruhia te āhua taurite kore taiao ki ngā tauira papa. Kōwhiria ngā tae hina-kikorangi, hina mahana rānei hei tae matua. Tāpirihia he huānga tohutoro ahurea kotahi—pērā i te pakitara mata whakairo, i te toka a te tohunga rānei—kaua e whakakiia te wāhi ki ngā taipitopito o taua wā.

Q3: He aha te matotoru e taunakitia ana mō ngā papa kōhatu marae hei ārai i te pakaru?

Mō ngā mahi i ngā marae o te hunga hīkoi, me 3 henimita te matotoru o ngā papa kōhatu mō te karāhe, me 4 henimita hoki mō ngā kōhatu ngawari ake pērā i te onepū. Me 5 henimita te matotoru o ngā wāhi urunga waka. He mea nui te whakarite tika i te turanga me te 15 henimita o te kirikiri kua whakakīia me te 3 henimita o te papa whakatakoto onepu ahakoa te matotoru o te papa, nā te mea ko te nuinga o ngā pakaru ka puta mai i te koretake o te papa, ehara i te mea he koretake te matotoru o te kōhatu.

P4: Ka taea te whakamahi i te kōhatu tawhito o Taihu i roto i ngā hoahoa marae hou, ā, nō hea mai te pūtake?

Kei te wātea tonu te kōhatu kōhatu o Taihu mō ngā kaupapa hou, ahakoa he iti noa ngā mahi keri kohatu e mahia ana e ngā tiaki taiao. He huarahi matatika anō hoki te kōhatu kua whakahokia mai i ngā whakahoutanga whare. Mō ngā whakaurunga hou, he rite tonu te āhua o ngā kōhatu kōhatu pūngoi mai i ētahi atu keri kohatu Hainamana. Me hiri ēnei kōhatu kia kore ai e poke, ā, kaua e whakanohoia ki ngā wāhi ka pā atu pea ngā tote tango hukapapa, ngā wai waikawa rānei ki a rātou.

Q5: He aha te pānga o te kōwhiringa kōhatu marae ki te whakamarie o waho i te raumati?

He nui ake te mimiti o te hihi o te rā i ngā mata kōhatu pouri, ā, ka eke ki te pāmahana 20 ki te 30°F teitei ake i te hau o te taiao i ngā rā paki. He nui ake te wera e whakaatahia ana e ngā karāhe me ngā kōhatu kōhatu mārama, kia tata tonu ai te pāmahana o te mata ki te taiao. Ka whakaitihia e ngā mata mura, ngā mata kakano rānei te mimiti wera ki te whakataurite ki ngā whakaotinga oro o te tae kotahi. Ka taea e ngā rākau whakamarumaru, ngā tuanui, ngā āhuatanga wai rānei e tata ana ki te papa kōhatu te whakaiti i te pāmahana o te mata mā te 10 ki te 15°F.

Q6: He aha te whakaotinga kōhatu tino pakari mō ngā tāonga me ngā nohoanga o te marae?

Ko ngā whakaotinga whakakoi, hiako rānei te mea tino pakari mō ngā taonga kōhatu e pāngia ana e te huarere. Ka pahekeheke ngā whakaotinga oro ina mākū, ā, ka kitea te whakairo i te ua waikawa. Ahakoa he pakari ngā whakaotinga mura, kāore e pai mō ngā nohoanga. Ko te karāneti me te papara matotoru te mea e taunakitia ana mō ngā taonga o waho nā te mea he pai ake te ātete ki ngā paru me te iti ake o ngā whakaritenga tiaki. Ko te hiri ā-tau hei tiaki i te huarere me te paru.

Whakamutunga

Ko te whakataurite i ngā kōhatu o te marae Hainamana he tohu whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i waenga i te mātauranga tawhito me te hoahoa o nāianei. Mā te mārama ki te hiranga ahurea o ngā rauemi tuku iho pērā i te kōhatu taihu me te kōhatu puru, me te whakamahi i ngā mātāpono o te taurite yin-yang, te taurite o te uhi, me te kore taurite o te taiao, ka taea e ngā kaihoahoa o nāianei te waihanga i ngā wāhi marae e whakahonore ana i te tikanga tuku iho me te whakatutuki i ngā paerewa mahi me te ataahua o nāianei. Mai i ngā tauira ara ki ngā pakitara me ngā taonga o nāianei, ka whai wāhi ia huānga kōhatu ki tētahi taiao o waho e hono ana i te taonga tuku iho me te ao hou.