Ngā Pūrongo - Te Whakamahinga Kōhatu o te Karapu Waka: Ngā Wero Motuhake o te Taiao Moana

Mō te Kaituhi

Takuta Liu Wei, Kaiwhakahaere R&D i Ruifengyuan Stone

PhD i roto i te Pūtaiao Rauemi me te tohungatanga ki te hangarau hanga kōhatu. I whakawhanake i ngā rerenga mahi whakaputa ranu e whakakotahi ana i te whakairo tuku iho me te aunoatanga CNC mō ngā kaupapa hoahoa 180+. I whakaputa rangahau mō ngā tauira kakahu taputapu i roto i te miihini kōhatu i roto i te Journal of Materials Processing Technology.

Ngā Whakaaro Matua

Ko ngā karapu waka poti e hiahia ana ki ngā whakaurunga kōhatu e ātete ana ki ngā taiao takutai kaha, me te pupuri tonu i te ataahua papai. Ko te tioata tote ka puta he pēhanga ā-roto neke atu i te 100 MPa i roto i ngā pū kōhatu—he nui hei pakaru i ngā momo kōhatu maha. Ko te kirikiri pai rawa atu me te mimiti wai i raro i te 0.20% ka whakarato i te roanga roa o te mau mō ngā tono moana. Ko te whakakī i ngā hiri silane/siloxane me te iti rawa o te 40% o te ihirangi hohe ka pai ake i ngā paninga mata i ngā taiao takutai. Ko te tiaki matatau ka whakaiti i ngā utu whakaora mō te wā roa mā te 40-60% ki te whakataurite ki ngā huarahi tauhohe.

He tūranga motuhake tō ngā karapu waka i roto i te hoahoanga manaaki manuhiri—me tu atu rātou ki ngā taiao takutai tino kaha, me te whakarato i te ataahua papai e tumanakohia ana e ngā kaihoko papai. **E toru ngā tūmomo mōrearea o te taiao moana ki ngā whakaurunga kōhatu: ko te pānga o te wai tote e whakararu ana i te matū, ko te huringa haumākū e whakatairanga ana i te mimiti makuku, me te ahotea miihini mai i te hau me te ngaru o te takutai.** E ai ki te US Naval Research Laboratory, ka pāngia ngā hanganga takutai e te taumata o te hauota 10 ki te 50 ngā wā teitei ake i ngā whare o uta, e hiahia ana kia rerekē rawa ngā rautaki whiriwhiri rauemi mai i te hanganga tikanga. Ka tirohia e tēnei aratohu ngā wero motuhake o te tono kōhatu karapu waka, ā, ka whakaratohia he otinga hangarau mō te whakatakotoranga kōhatu taumata-moana.

Ngā Wero Motuhake o te Taiao Moana mō te Whakamahinga Kōhatu o te Karapu Waka (3)

Te Mārama ki te Kinotanga o te Taiao MoanaKohatu Taiao

**Ka tīmata te tikanga o te pirau o te kōhatu moana i te whakatiotanga tote.** Ka uru te wai tote ki roto i ngā pūwero iti rawa i te mata o te kōhatu. Ina mimiti te wai, ka puta ngā tioata tote i roto i te hanganga pūwero, ka puta he pēhanga ā-roto neke atu i te 100 MPa—he nui hei pakaru i ngā momo kōhatu maha. E ai ki te National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) ko ngā hanganga takutai i roto i te 500 mita o te takutai moana ka pāngia e te tere o te whakatakotoranga tote o te 1,000 ki te 5,000 mg/m² ia rā, ka tere ake te pirau ki te whakataurite ki ngā taiao o uta.

Ka nui ake te raruraru nā te huringa pāmahana me te haumākū. **Ka akiakihia e ngā huringa whānui me ngā huringa whakahekenga auau o te pāmahana takutai moana ngā huringa o ia rā.** E whakaatu ana ngā paerewa whakamātautau waikura moana a ASTM International e 3 ki te 5 ngā wā ka nui ake te ahotea huringa wera o ngā rauemi i roto i ngā taiao takutai moana i ērā i roto i ngā āhuatanga o roto pumau. Ka ngoikore haere te hanganga kōhatu i tēnei huringa i te taumata moroiti, ka arahi ki te pakaru o te mata me te ngaronga o ngā taipitopito i roto i ngā wāhanga whakairo i roto i ngā wā 10 ki te 20 tau.

Ngā Paearu Kōwhiri Kōhatu mō ngā Whakamahinga Taiao Moana

Granite: Te Kōwhiringa Matua mō te Pakari o te Kōhatu o te Karapu Waka

Mō ngā tono karapu waka, **ko te karāniti tonu te momo kōhatu pono rawa atu nā te mea he matotoru te hanganga tioata me te iti o te porosity.** Ko ngā momo karāniti me te mimiti wai i raro i te 0.20% me te nui o te quartz neke atu i te 20% e whakaatu ana i te ātete pai rawa atu ki te kino o te tioata tote. Ko ngā karāniti pango, parauri parauri, me te pango tino tūturu kua tuhia ngā rekoata mahi neke atu i te 30 tau i roto i ngā tono takutai ina hiritia me te tiaki tika.

Ko te whiriwhiri i te karāhe mō ngā taiao moana me aro nui ki te matotoru o te karāhe i te tae e pai ana ki a ia. Ko ngā karāhe pai te karāhe me te hanganga karaihe ōrite he iti ake ngā ara mō te urunga makuku i ngā momo karāhe matotoru. Mā te whakamātautau i runga i te ASTM C97 mō te mimiti wai me te ASTM C170 mō te kaha pēhi ka whakaratohia he raraunga tūāpapa mō te aromatawai i te pai o te moana. Ko ngā karāhe me ngā reiti mimiti neke atu i te 0.40% me rāhui mō ngā tono ā-roto, tiakina i roto i ngā whare karapu waka.

Ngā Herenga o te Māpere me te Kōhatu Tāwharau i ngā Takutai Moana

**He nui ngā wero mō te whakamahi i te kōhatu karapu waka rererangi ki te māpere me te kōhatu papa kōhatu nā te mea he nui ake te kaha o te waikawa ki te wai, ā, he nui ake hoki te pūngao.** Ka tauhohe ngā kōhatu kei roto i te konupūmā ki te wai ua waikawa—he mea noa i ngā taiao takutai—ka puta he whakairo mata e whakaiti ana i te āhua i roto i te wā. Ka taea e te tere o te memeha i ngā taiao takutai te eke ki te 0.1 ki te 0.3 mm ia tekau tau mō te māpere kāore i tiakina, ka tere ake i ngā wāhi e horoia ana, e pāngia ana rānei e te wai puna kaukau kua rongoatia ki te haukini.

Mena ka tohua te māpere mō ngā wāhi karapu waka o roto, kia tawhiti atu i te pānga tika o te tote, ka pai ake te mahi a ngā momo mārō pērā i a Calacatta, i a Statuario rānei me te whakakaha kapia. Kāore e kitea te whakairo me te pakaru o ngā mata kua oti te whakakoi, kaua ko ngā mata kua orohia. Kāore e taea te whiriwhiri i te tiaki auau tae atu ki te horoi pH-kore me te hiri ā-tau mō te māpere i ngā taiao takutai, ahakoa te tūnga o roto.

Ngā Huarahi Whakamahi mō te Kōhatu Hangaia me te Pōroheini mō ngā Whakamahinga Marina

Ko ngā mata kiripaka hangarau me ngā tāera porehana he huarahi kē atu mō ngā tono karapu waka motuhake ina pāngia te kōhatu tūturu e ngā wero uaua. **Ko ngā tāera porehana kua whakatauria ko te PEI 5 me te mimiti wai i raro i te 0.10% ka taea te ōrite ki te āhua o te kōhatu tūturu, me te whakarato i te ātete matū pai ki ngā matū puna kaukau, ngā kai horoi, me te pānga tote.** He tino pai ēnei rauemi mō ngā wāhi karapoti puna kaukau me ngā mata pae mākū kei reira te ātete paheke me te roa o te matū he mea nui.

Ko te whakatau i waenga i te kōhatu tūturu me ngā momo kōhatu hangarau me whai whakaaro ki te horopaki tono motuhake. Mō ngā papa pae me ngā wāhi ratonga kai, ka whakaratohia e te kuata hangarau te ātete ki te paru o te māpere. Mō ngā pakitara āhuatanga me ngā wāhi manaaki manuhiri e tawhiti atu ana i te pānga o te tote, ka tukuna e te kōhatu tūturu te pono e tautuhi ana i te ataahua o te karapu waka papai. Ko te huarahi ranu e whakakotahi ana i ngā momo rauemi e rua ka puta he hua pai rawa atu.

Ngā Wero Motuhake o te Taiao Moana mō te Whakamahinga Kōhatu o te Karapu Waka (1)

Ngā Pūnaha Maimoatanga Tiaki me te Hiri mō te Kohatu Moana

Te Whakakī i ngā Hiri me ngā Paninga Mata mō te Kōhatu Takutai

**Ka pā nui te whiriwhiri i te taputapu hiri ki te roa o te ora o te kōhatu i roto i ngā taiao moana.** Ka uru ngā taputapu hiri ki roto i te hanganga kōhatu, ka whakakīia ngā pakitara o ngā pūwero ki ngā matū wai-kore, ka taea ai te makuku te puta, me te ārai i te urunga mai o te wai. He pai ake ēnei taputapu hiri mō ngā mahi moana nā te mea kāore e mau te makuku ki roto i te kōhatu—he momo rahunga noa mō ngā paninga mata hanga-kiriata e pakaru ana i raro i te pānga o te hihi UV o te takutai.

Ko ngā paninga mata, tae atu ki ngā pūnaha epoxy me te polyurethane, ka whakarato i tētahi ārai pakari ake engari ka tino pakaru ina mau te makuku i raro i a rātou. I ngā taiao karapu waka tere e mau tonu ana te huringa makuku, ka puta ngā pakaru o te paninga i roto i te 2 ki te 5 tau. **E taunaki ana ngā aratohu whakahaere waikura a te US Navy kia whakakīia ngā hiri silane/siloxane ki te 40% te iti rawa o te ihirangi hohe hei tiaki i te kōhatu takutai,** kia pania anō i ia 12 ki te 24 marama i runga i te kaha o te pānga.

Ngā Tikanga Pai mō te Tāutanga mō te Marina me te Takutai Moana

Me whai whakaaro te tikanga tāutanga ki ngā whakaritenga nekehanga whānui o te kōhatu takutai. Me whakanoho ngā hononga whānui ki ngā tawhiti 6 ki te 8 putu—kia tata atu i te paerewa tawhiti 10 ki te 12 putu mō ngā tāutanga o roto. Me hanga ngā rauemi hononga katoa i ngā hiri silicone, polyurethane rānei, ātete ki te tote me te pirau UV. Ka pirau te whakakī paerewa i roto i ngā marama 12 i te wā e pāngia ana e te takutai, ā, kaua rawa e tohua.

Me whakapakari ake te tiaki i te makuku i te whakarite i te papa i roto i ngā taiao moana. Me tāuta he kiriuhi ārai mamaoa kua tohua mō ngā tono takutai moana i raro i ngā mata kōhatu katoa i te taumata whenua. Mō ngā papa me ngā papa teitei, ka ārai ngā pūnaha rerenga wai me ngā wāhanga ātete-waikura i te kohikohinga wai i raro i ngā whakaurunga kōhatu. Kei roto i te Pukapuka ā-ringa a te Kaunihera Tile o Amerika Te Raki ngā aratohu motuhake mō te whakaurunga kōhatu taiao moana, tae atu ki ngā momo moata e hiahiatia ana me ngā wā whakamaroke.

Ngā Kaupapa Tiaki Auau mō ngā Papa Kōhatu o te Karapu Waka

**Ko te auau tiaki mō ngā whakaurunga kōhatu karapu waka tere e nui ake ana i ngā whakaurunga o uta mā te 2 ki te 3 tauwehenga.** Mā te horoi i ia rā i ngā mata kua kitea ki te tote i roto i te wai māori ka ārai i te kino o te tioata. Mā te horoi ia wiki ki ngā kaihoroi kōhatu pH-kore e tango i te tipu koiora me ngā putunga rauropi. Mā te tirotiro ā-hauwhā o te kounga o te hiri ka tautuhia ngā take e whanake ana i mua i te hiahia kia whakatikatikahia. Mā te aromatawai ngaio ā-tau tae atu ki ngā pānui mita makuku ka aroturukihia te āhua o te kōhatu.

Ko te auau o te whakaora ka whakawhirinaki ki te nui o te waka me te nui o te pānga. Tērā pea me whakahou ngā wāhi e tomo nui ana te waka i ia 3 ki te 5 tau. Ka taea e ngā pakitara o roto e tiakina ana te pupuri i tōna āhua mō ngā tau 10+. Ko te rerekētanga matua mai i te tiaki o roto ko te aro nui ki te ārai—**ka kohia te kino o te tote mō ngā tau i mua i te kitea, ā, i taua wā kua ngaro kē te kohatu.** Mā te tiaki matatau ka whakaitihia ngā utu whakaora mō te wā roa mā te 40 ki te 60% pea.

Ngā Wero Motuhake o te Taiao Moana mō te Whakamahinga Kōhatu o te Karapu Waka (2)

Tūhurahia te Karapu Waka e Pā AnaNgā Hua Kōhatu

Mō ngā whakaotinga o roto o te karapu waka, ka whakaratohia e ngā kōwhiringa papa māpere kua orohia he whakakikorua pakitara huatau me ngā mata papa kaute. Ka whakaratohia e ngā huānga kaukau kōhatu me te wāhi mirimiri ngā ratonga mirimiri papai i roto i ngā taiao tiaki o roto. Ka hangaia e ngā mētara māpere wai-jet he whakapaipai motuhake mō ngā papa o roto o ngā karapu waka. Ka whakaratohia e ngā mahi toi pakitara mosaic māpere he wāhi arotahi whakapaipai mō ngā wāhi manaaki manuhiri me ngā wāhi kai.

Ngā Pātai Auau mō te Tono Kōhatu o te Yacht Club

P1: Ka taea te whakamahi angitu i te māpere i roto i ngā taiao karapu waka tere e tata ana ki te moana?

Ka taea te whakamahi i te māpere ki roto i ngā wāhi karapu waka poti e tiakina ana mai i te pānga tika o te wai tote, pērā i ngā wāhi manaaki manuhiri, ngā rūma kai, me ngā ara raro. E taunakihia ana kia whakakoihia ngā whakaotinga, kaua e whakakanapahia. Me hiri ā-tau ki te hiri silane whakakīkī. Kaua te māpere e tohua mō ngā wāhi o waho, ngā karapoti puna kaukau, ngā wāhi rānei e uru tika ana ki te rehu tote. Ko te karāneti te whiringa haumaru ake mō ngā tono katoa i roto i te 50 mita mai i te wai.

Q2: He aha te momo kōhatu pai rawa atu mō ngā papa kaukau me ngā taupee o ngā karapu waka rererangi o waho?

Ko te karāhe pai rawa te āhua, he iti iho i te 0.20% te mimiti wai, ā, ko te mea pai rawa atu mō ngā papa kaukau me ngā papa reti. Ko ngā whakaotinga mura, ngā whakaotinga rakau rānei ka ārai i te paheke, ka tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga ADA ina mākū. Ko ngā karāhe pango, peara kikorangi, peara hiriwa rānei ka whakarato i ngā momo āhua ataahua. Ko ngā hononga whānui i ngā wā 6-putu te tawhiti ka taea te whakahaere i te nekehanga wera. Me tāpiri anō te hiri whakakī i ia 12 marama hei tiaki pai rawa atu.

P3: He aha te pānga o te rehu tote ki ngā whakaurunga kōhatu tūturu?

Ka pakaru te kōhatu i te rehu tote mā te pēhanga tioata. Ka tomo te wai tote ki ngā pūwero moroiti; ina mimiti te wai, ka tipu ngā tioata tote i roto i ngā pūwero, ka puta he ahotea ā-roto neke atu i te 100 MPa. Ka pakaru te kōhatu i roto i tēnei pēhanga, ka pakaru te mata, ka pakarukaru, ka ngaro hoki ngā whakairo. Ka piki ake te tere o te pakaru me te pāmahana, te huringa haumākū, me te taupatupatu tika o ngā ngaru. Ko te horoi ārai me te hiri tika he mea nui hei ārai.

Q4: Ko tēhea momo hiri e whakarato ana i te tiakitanga pai rawa atu mō ngā tāutanga kōhatu takutai?

Ko te whakakī i ngā hiri silane/siloxane me te iti rawa o te 40% o te ihirangi hohe ka whakarato i te tiaki pai rawa atu. Ka uru ēnei hiri ki roto i te kōhatu, ka hanga he arai wai-pōrearea, engari kāore e hiritia te mata. Kāore i rite ki ngā paninga hanga-kiriata, ka tukuna e rātou te mamaoa makuku kia puta, ka ārai i te kino o te makuku kua mau. Ka mau tonu te whai huatanga o te paninga i ia 12 ki te 24 marama. Me karo i ngā paninga mata pēnei i te epoxy nā te mea ka mau te makuku, ka pakaru i raro i te hihi UV o te takutai.

Q5: Kia pēhea te auau o te tiaki ngaio i ngā papa kōhatu o te karapu waka?

Me whai te tiaki ngaio i tētahi kaupapa taumata: te horoinga o ngā mata kua pāngia e te tote i ia rā, te horoinga pH-kore ia wiki, te tirotiro i te pai o te hiri ia toru marama, te aromatawai ngaio ā-tau tae atu ki ngā pānui makuku. Ko te auau o te whakaora ka whakawhirinaki ki te haereerenga: 3 ki te 5 tau mō ngā tomokanga e nui ana te haereerenga, 5 ki te 7 tau mō ngā wāhi kai, 10+ tau mō ngā pakitara tiakina. Mā te tiaki ārai ka whakaitihia ngā utu mō te wā roa mā te 40 ki te 60% ki te whakataurite ki te whakaora tauhohe.

P6: He pai ake ngā kōhatu hangai i ngā kōhatu tūturu mō ngā mahi moana katoa?

He pai ake te mahi a te quartz me te porcelain i hangaia ki te kōhatu maori i roto i ngā whakamahinga motuhake: ngā karapoti puna kaukau, ngā pae inu, ngā wāhi ratonga kai, me tetahi mata e pāngia ana e ngā matū puna kaukau. Mō ngā pakitara āhuatanga, ngā tēpu whakawhiwhinga manuhiri, me ngā huānga whakapaipai o roto, ka tukuna e te kōhatu maori te ataahua me ngā āhuatanga wera. Mā te huarahi ranu, te whiriwhiri i ngā rauemi mā ngā āhuatanga whakaaturanga motuhake ka puta he hua whānui pai rawa atu. Me whai whakaaro ngā whakataunga ki ngā whakaritenga mahi me ngā whāinga hoahoa.

Whakamutunga

Ko te tautuhi i te kōhatu maori mō ngā taiao moana o ngā karapu waka he huarahi tino rerekē i te tāutanga kōhatu tuku iho. Mai i te whiriwhiri i te karāhe e aro nui ana ki te matotoru o te witi me te iti o te porosity ki ngā pūnaha hiri e ātete ana ki te tote me te hihi UV, me whai whakaaro ia whakatau ki ngā āhuatanga takutai moana kino. Mā te whai i ngā paearu whiriwhiri rauemi, ngā tikanga tāutanga pai, me ngā wā tiaki matatau kua whakarārangihia i roto i tēnei aratohu, ka taea e ngā kaihoahoa me ngā kaiwhakatakoto whakaaro te tuku tāutanga kōhatu karapu waka e mahi pono ana mō ngā tekau tau me te pupuri tonu i te ataahua papai e tumanakohia ana e ā rātou kiritaki.